Linux Server

Deciding whether to use a Linux Web Site Hosting service or a Windows service can be the source of some confusion. The aim of this post is to provide a simple non-technical explanation to help in making that choice.  In fact, for many people it doesn’t actually matter and the standard of service provided by the hosting company is more important.

Key points to be aware of:

The operating system used by your web hosting service is not connected to your PC operating system. Knowing Windows well will not mean that it is easier to use Windows hosting.
Most web sites are powered by Linux servers using the Apache webserver so support for Linux is good.
Linux is open source so there are no license fees involved. This means that Linux web site hosting may be cheaper but the difference will not be large.
As regards security, performance and reliability much has been written about the differences but for real world purposes they can be taken to be similar.
If you are just going to build a standard web site then either Linux or Windows will be fine. Your hosting service will likely supply tools to enable you to do this but you will also be able to use third party site builders if you prefer.
If you are building a database driven site you need to be careful. WordPress has become very popular for web sites and blogs and this is database driven. If you want to use WordPress it is best to use Linux hosting.
There are technologies which only work with one operating system and others that work more easily with one. Therefore your choice can be limited by what you are intending to do. If you are having a site produced for you your developers should be consulted prior to making any choice on hosting.

Windows hosting is appropriate when:
Your web site uses Microsoft  technologies like ASP or .NET or uses Access or SQL Server databases.

Use Linux Web Site Hosting if:
You will be employing a MySQL database or using CGI, PHP or Perl.

Bottom Line
If there is a reason to use Windows hosting then do so, otherwise (including if you don’t know) get Linux hosting.

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If you are looking for your first web hosting provider, you may notice that different web hosts offer two different kinds of web hosting- one is Windows Hosting and the other is Linux Hosting. You may or may not have the knowledge about the differences between the two hosting platforms. Probably the question “Does this difference matter that much?” might come in your mind.

It is said that it usually does not make much difference as far as the selection of web hosting format is concerned. But, it really matters when the following questions arise:

a. What you are looking for in the hosting services?

b. What features you will prefer to use for your website?

To run some specific features and applications on your website, the selection of the right hosting services is very important.

Some features of Windows Hosting

If one wants to use Microsoft Features with his website, he should use the Windows Hosting. Also for a website having a utilization of databases, Microsoft hosting would be the right selection.

Furthermore, for very interactive websites, the Windows hosting platform is comparatively more ideal. Here, a question may come in one’s mind, Why? Some web developers need a regular interaction with their visitors or clients. They would usually find it working better with Windows Hosting as the visitors can have an easy access to the data base. Also the online chatting services can be easily implemented. These are some of many other interactive features which have been usually found performing better on the Windows Hosting Platforms.

Windows hosting also offers websites to use ecommerce features, which allow the business professionals or the financial institutions to have an easy and efficient interaction with their clients.

Windows hosting is too easy to handle even by a person having little or no webmaster experience. On the other hand, Linux hosting is not that much easier for an inexperienced person.

If a website is designed to be hosted on the Windows hosting platform, and later the web developer wants to convert it to be used on a Linux server, he would find a great deal of difficulty in conversion. However, it is generally not difficult in a vise-versa situation. You may need to consider this point at the time of planning for your website or deciding between the two hosting platforms.

Some features of Linux Hosting

Linux hosting is reputed specifically for both of its stability and reliability. So the customers with websites hosted on a Linux server have almost no need to bother about the security of their websites. This is something any hosting customer looks for. Linux also provide very powerful and dependable hosting services.

Linux will handle a brochure like website in a very good fashion. However, you can still add some interactive features like online enquiry forms or other similar forms and applications to your website. Linux hosting is also compatible as far as the ecommerce features are concerned.

Conclusion

Regardless of some different areas of expertise, secured, powerful and reliable hosting services are provided by both Windows and Linux hosting platforms.

Businessmen and financial institutions can use any of these two hosting services as both of them work with ecommerce. Windows is comparatively more user friendly than Linux. But Linux has got the reputation especially for its stability and reliability.

Migrating mpio SAN Storage to a Different Array for Linux

When changing SAN arrays, the data needs to migrated from the old array to the new array. After new drives are assigned to the linux server, follow these steps for migrating the data. You will need to get a copy of the inq command for Linux from EMC.

After the new disks from the new array have been added, make sure they are available. Make a note of the serial number (SID) in the right hand column.

(linuxserver)# /nfs/mts/bin/inq.linux -nodots -sid
Inquiry utility, Version V7.3-883 (Rev 1.0) (SIL Version V6.5.1.0 (Edit Level 883)
Copyright (C) by EMC Corporation, all rights reserved.
For help type inq -h.

———————————————————————————–
DEVICE :VEND ROD :REV :SER NUM :CAP(kb) :SYMM ID
———————————————————————————–
/dev/sda :EMC :SYMMETRIX :5773 :20010b0008 : 35354880 :000190300520
/dev/sdb :EMC :SYMMETRIX :5773 :20010b2008 : 35354880 :000190300520
/dev/sdc :EMC :SYMMETRIX :5671 :66001ab000 : 35354880 :000187721466
/dev/sdd :EMC :SYMMETRIX :5671 :66001af000 : 35354880 :000187721466
/dev/sde :EMC :SYMMETRIX :5773 :20010b0008 : 35354880 :000190300520
/dev/sdf :EMC :SYMMETRIX :5773 :20010b2008 : 35354880 :000190300520
/dev/sdg :EMC :SYMMETRIX :5671 :66001ab000 : 35354880 :000187721466
/dev/sdh :EMC :SYMMETRIX :5671 :66001af000 : 35354880 :000187721466
/dev/dm-0 :EMC :SYMMETRIX :5773 :20010b0008 : 35354880 :000190300520
/dev/dm-1 :EMC :SYMMETRIX :5773 :20010b2008 : 35354880 :000190300520
/dev/dm-2 :EMC :SYMMETRIX :5671 :66001ab000 : 35354880 :000187721466
/dev/dm-3 :EMC :SYMMETRIX :5671 :66001af000 : 35354880 :000187721466

After you make sure the drives are available, you need to determine which mpio devices go with which drives.

See what devices are currently active:

(linuxserver)# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/dm-0 uservg lvm2 a- 33.71G 22.71G
Read the the new multipath devices, and see which ones go with the active PV.
(linuxserver)# multipath –v2
(linuxserver)# multipath -ll
mpath2 (36006048000018772146653594d314142) dm-2 EMC,SYMMETRIX
[ round-robin 0 [prio=2][active]
_ 0:0:1:9 sdc 8:32 [active][ready]
_ 1:0:1:9 sdg 8:96 [active][ready]
mpath1 (360060480000190300520533031304232) dm-1 EMC,SYMMETRIX
[ round-robin 0 [prio=2][active]
_ 0:0:0:6 sdb 8:16 [active][ready]
_ 1:0:0:6 sdf 8:80 [active][ready]
mpath0 (360060480000190300520533031304230) dm-0 EMC,SYMMETRIX
[ round-robin 0 [prio=2][active]
_ 0:0:0:5 sda 8:0 [active][ready]
_ 1:0:0:5 sde 8:64 [active][ready]
mpath3 (36006048000018772146653594d314146) dm-3 EMC,SYMMETRIX
[ round-robin 0 [prio=2][active]
_ 0:0:1:10 sdd 8:48 [active][ready]
_ 1:0:1:10 sdh 8:112 [active][ready]

From this output, you can determine that /dev/dm-0 corresponds to multipath device mpath0

Now that you know which multipath device is currently active, you need to create a new PV for the inactive multipath device (on new array), which would be mpath2 in this case.

(linuxserver)# pvcreate /dev/mapper/mpath2
Physical volume “/dev/mapper/mpath2″ successfully created
(linuxserver)#

After you have created the multipath device, it needs to be added to the volume group (uservg).

(linuxserver)# vgextend uservg /dev/mapper/mpath2
Volume group “uservg” successfully extended
(linuxserver)#

Check and make sure that the multipath device was added correctly to the volume group (uservg).

(linuxserver)# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/dm-0 uservg lvm2 a- 33.69G 28.69G
/dev/dm-2 uservg lvm2 a- 33.69G 33.69G
(linuxserver)#

If everything looks good, move the old multipath device (mpath0) to the new multipath device (mpath2) with the pvmove command.

(linuxserver)# pvmove /dev/mapper/mpath0 /dev/mapper/mpath2
/dev/mapper/mpath0: Moved: 10.0%
/dev/mapper/mpath0: Moved: 20.0%
/dev/mapper/mpath0: Moved: 29.4%
/dev/mapper/mpath0: Moved: 39.4%
/dev/mapper/mpath0: Moved: 49.4%
/dev/mapper/mpath0: Moved: 59.4%
/dev/mapper/mpath0: Moved: 70.0%
/dev/mapper/mpath0: Moved: 80.0%
/dev/mapper/mpath0: Moved: 90.0%
/dev/mapper/mpath0: Moved: 100.0%
(linuxserver)#

After the move is complete, and you verify the data is good, remove the old multipath device from the volume group (uservg).

(linuxserver)# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/dm-0 uservg lvm2 a- 33.69G 33.69G
/dev/dm-2 uservg lvm2 a- 33.69G 28.69G
(linuxserver)# vgreduce uservg /dev/mapper/mpath0
Removed “/dev/dm-0″ from volume group “uservg”
(linuxserver)#

After the device is removed from the volume group, it can be removed from the system.

(linuxserver)# pvremove /dev/mapper/mpath0
Labels on physical volume “/dev/mapper/mpath0″ successfully wiped
(linuxserver)# pvs
PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/dm-2 uservg lvm2 a- 33.69G 28.69G
(linuxserver)#

After the multipath device is removed, the old devices in the /dev tree can deleted, so that no errors are generated when the storage is removed. To remove the devices, you need to get a list of the /dev/sd* devices on the old array, with the inq command.

/nfs/mts/bin/linq.linux –nodots –sid_wwn

(linuxserver)# /nfs/mts/bin/inq.linux -nodots -sid_wwn 000190300520
Inquiry utility, Version V7.3-883 (Rev 1.0) (SIL Version V6.5.1.0 (Edit Level 883)
Copyright (C) by EMC Corporation, all rights reserved.
For help type inq -h.

——————————————————————–
Symmetrix DeviceSymm Serial # Device # WWN
——————————————————————–
/dev/sda 000190300520 010B0 60060480000190300520533031304230
/dev/sdb 000190300520 010B2 60060480000190300520533031304232
/dev/sde 000190300520 010B0 60060480000190300520533031304230
/dev/sdf 000190300520 010B2 60060480000190300520533031304232
/dev/dm-0 000190300520 010B0 60060480000190300520533031304230
/dev/dm-1 000190300520 010B2 60060480000190300520533031304232

To remove the devices just add a “1″ to the /sys/block//device/delete file. Only do this for the /dev/sd* devices, and not the /dev/dm-* devices.

(linuxserver)# ls -l /dev/sd*
brw-r—– 1 root disk 8, 0 Mar 9 09:59 /dev/sda
brw-r—– 1 root disk 8, 16 Mar 9 09:59 /dev/sdb
brw-r—– 1 root disk 8, 32 Mar 9 10:09 /dev/sdc
brw-r—– 1 root disk 8, 48 Mar 9 10:09 /dev/sdd
brw-r—– 1 root disk 8, 64 Mar 9 09:59 /dev/sde
brw-r—– 1 root disk 8, 80 Mar 9 09:59 /dev/sdf
brw-r—– 1 root disk 8, 96 Mar 9 10:09 /dev/sdg
brw-r—– 1 root disk 8, 112 Mar 9 10:09 /dev/sdh

(linuxserver)# echo 1 > /sys/block/sda/device/delete
(linuxserver)# echo 1 > /sys/block/sdb/device/delete
(linuxserver)# echo 1 > /sys/block/sde/device/delete
(linuxserver)# echo 1 > /sys/block/sdf/device/delete

(linuxserver)# ls -l /dev/sd*
brw-r—– 1 root disk 8, 32 Mar 9 10:09 /dev/sdc
brw-r—– 1 root disk 8, 48 Mar 9 10:09 /dev/sdd
brw-r—– 1 root disk 8, 96 Mar 9 10:09 /dev/sdg
brw-r—– 1 root disk 8, 112 Mar 9 10:09 /dev/sdh

The /dev tree is removed, and you should only see the new multipath devices now.

(linuxserver)# multipath -ll
mpath2 (36006048000018772146653594d314142) dm-2 EMC,SYMMETRIX
[ round-robin 0 [prio=2][active]
_ 0:0:1:9 sdc 8:32 [active][ready]
_ 1:0:1:9 sdg 8:96 [active][ready]
mpath3 (36006048000018772146653594d314146) dm-3 EMC,SYMMETRIX
[ round-robin 0 [prio=2][active]
_ 0:0:1:10 sdd 8:48 [active][ready]
_ 1:0:1:10 sdh 8:112 [active][ready]
(linuxserver)#

Remove the old storage from the server, and check the /var/log/messages file for any errors. Then you can reboot the server, and make sure everything comes up okay.

To re-add the drives, the following command can be used to rescan the SCSI bus, and re-register any devices.

echo “1″ > /sys/class/fc_host/host#/issue_lip (run on each host#)

(linuxserver)# ls /dev/sd*
/dev/sdc /dev/sdd /dev/sdg /dev/sdh
(linuxserver)# echo “1″ > /sys/class/fc_host/host0/issue_lip
(linuxserver)# echo “1″ > /sys/class/fc_host/host1/issue_lip
(linuxserver)# ls /dev/sd*
/dev/sda /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd/dev/sde /dev/sdf /dev/sdg /dev/sdh
(linuxserver)#

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Convert Linux PowerPath Servers to MPIO

 

This document outlines the procedure for switching a SAN boot Linux server running RHEL 5.1 and above from EMC PowerPath to MPIO.

 

Copy the correct /etc/multipath.conf file to the server

 

            (lab1)# cp   /nfs/packages/ga/mpio/RH5/multipath.conf.trpdefault

      /etc/multipath.conf

 

Boot into single user mode

 

            (lab1)# init S

 

Remove the swap device

 

            (lab1)# swapoff /dev/emcpowera3

 

Edit the /etc/rc.sysint script and remove the following section, so PowerPath does not start

 

            ###BEGINPP

      # Configure and initialize PowerPath.

      if [ -f /etc/init.d/PowerPath ]; then

      /etc/init.d/PowerPath start

      fi

      ###ENDPP

 

Replace the lvm.conf file for PowerPath with the default

 

            (lab1)# mv /etc/lvm/lvm.conf.default /etc/lvm/lvm.conf

 

Edit the fstab file, and comment out the line for swap

 

            #/dev/emcpowera3  swap                    swap    defaults              0 0

 

Reboot the server

     

      (lab1)# init 6

 

When the server comes up, remove the PowerPath package

 

            (lab1)# rpm –qa|grep EMC

      (lab1)# rpm –erase EMCpower.LINUX-5.1.x.x.x.x

 

Boot from the rescue disk

 

Skip the load network devices and find installations.

 

At the prompt, run the following commands

 

            (rhel.sh)# mkdir /mnt/sysimage

      (rhel.sh)# mkdir /mnt/sysimage/boot

      (rhel.sh)# multipath –F

      (rhel.sh)# multipath –v0

      (rhel.sh)# mulitipath –l

 

You should see multipath devices now

 

Run the kpartx command to create the device tree entries

 

      (rhel.sh)# kpartx –a /dev/mapper/mapth0

 

Activate the volume groups

 

            (rhel.sh)#  lvm vgscan –config ‘devices{ filter = [   “a/mapper/”,”r/.*/” ] }’

      (rhel.sh)# lvm vgchange –ay –config ‘devices{ filter = [    “a/mapper/”,”r/.*/” ] }’

 

Mount the devices

     

      (rhel.sh)# mount –t ext3 /dev/mapper/rootvg-lv00 /mnt/sysimage

   (rhel.sh)# mount –t ext3 /dev/mapper/mpath0p1 /mnt/sysimage/boot

   (rhel.sh)# mount –t proc none /mnt/sysimage/proc

   (rhel.sh)# mount /dev /mnt/sysimage/dev

   (rhel.sh)# mount /sys /mnt/sysimage/sys

 

Switch to the root directory

 

      (rhel.sh)# chroot /mnt/sysimage

 

Create dm table entries

 

            (rhel.sh)# dmsetup mknodes mpath0

            (rhel.sh)# dmsetup mknodes mpath0p1

            (rhel.sh)# dmsetup mknodes mpath0p2

            (rhel.sh)# dmsetup mknodes mpath0p3

 

 

Edit the file /etc/sysconfig/mkinitrd/multipath and change the line to “MULTIPATH=yes”

 

Remount the /boot directory

 

            (rhel.sh)# umount /boot

      (rhel.sh)# mount /dev/mapper/mpath0p1 /boot

 

Change the /boot/grub/device.map entry to point to the mpath boot device

 

            # this device map was generated by anaconda

      (hd0)     /dev/mapper/mpath0

 

Edit the fstab file to point to the mpath devices

 

            /dev/rootvg/lv00        /                       ext3    defaults        1 1

            /dev/mapper/mpath0p1 /boot                   ext3    defaults        1 2

            tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0

            devpts                  /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0

            sysfs                   /sys                    sysfs   defaults        0 0

            proc                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0

            /dev/mapper/mpath0p3 swap                    swap    defaults        0 0

            #

            /dev/mapper/uservg-lv01           /export/home    ext3      defaults 1 2

            /dev/mapper/uservg-lv02           /export/appl/pkgs          ext3      defaults 1 2

 

Create a new ramdisk

 

            (rhel.sh)# mkinitrd –f /boot/HP-initrd-2.6.18-53.1.6.el5.img 2.6.18-53.1.6.el5

 

Create the grub entry

 

            (rhel.sh)# grub-install /dev/mapper/mpath0

 

Disconnect the rescue disk

 

Reboot the server

 

           

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To put it in simple terms, Linux web hosting is that form of hosting where a company gets the liberty to construct web sites by using the Linux operating System. Windows web hosting is reference to dedicated web serving and is aimed at the delivery of single purpose solutions for internet service providers apart from application developers and other web experts organizing web functionalities. New web masters and their novel websites that do not generate any revenue and contain static HTML pages most probably get hosted on the Linux server where as revenue generating websites find their way on the Windows Operating System that is more business centric and enterprise driven.

Be it Linux Web Hosting India or Windows hosting, both are meant to provide exemplary web hosting services and both are focused towards the same goal of making the process of running websites and application effortless and effective. Both come with a certain set of features and both are very enterprising. The Windows web hosting package incorporates features such as free domain names, a certain storage space, fixed bandwidth for every month, the 30 day money back guarantee scheme (which is not available in certain cases), designated months of unlimited desktop backup, online control panel, money bonus offer, robust databases, MS FrontPage Extensions, add on domains, sub domains, FTP Accounts, Online User Static, support on many software platforms such as ASP, CGI and PHP and finally, customer support throughout the day.     

On the other hand, Linux web hosting India includes features such as a certain space storage, data transfer capacity, email and script installer facility, real time statistics, sub domains, anti-virus, dedicated IP addresses, private DNS servers, web host manager panel, control panel with power features, DRII memory, transfer capacity and full system administration. Both these forms of hosting are meant to enhance the operational structure of websites and to provide them with the requisite support for running websites and applications successfully. The features mentioned above ensure that the website gets the necessary arsenal to thrive well and the applications get appropriate backup to operate firmly.

The advantages of web hosting are numerous. They include the likes of setting up a secure server, provide industrial strength and web service provisions, make virtual servers available through associating internet domains, help in advertising innovative and unique business ideas, monitor server security, help customers with the information they look forward to and opening up opportunities for resellers. The hosting services cater to all parts of the IT spectrum and ensure that enterprises do not have any problem in establishing a smooth operational mechanism. At the end of it all, web hosting services are also essential to increase the overall robustness of the entire set up. They not only make the IT edifice of the organization more vigorous but also add a lot of flexibility and dexterity to it. Having Linux based web hosting solutions has become imperative for organizations as they add a lot of value to the existing services and take them to a point where no other maneuver could even imagine.

When you have a small online business, you are able to perform the running of your business using the services of a standard web host. This means you will be sharing your server with other businesses. This is fine to do until your business expands and it becomes beneficial to have a dedicated server. You will then have the use of this server without sharing the space with anyone else. As your company expands, perhaps with several branches of your business, you will find it more convenient to have all those branches operating with the same software ensuring consistency within your company. There are two main types of dedicated server, dedicated Linux servers and dedicated Windows servers. The main benefit of using a dedicated server is stability for the company. Losing uptime is not going to be productive for your company and will also cost you profit. You also need to know that you are at less risk from viruses and malware. When sharing your hosting space you can be affected by others and experience greater problems from downtime and the threat of viruses. Dedicated Windows servers enjoy a higher profile than Linux although the choice to be made between them is really dependant upon the size of your business, your technical knowledge and personal preference. A dedicated Windows server is likely to be more vulnerable to viruses than Linux. When deciding upon the type of dedicated server it is advisable to use the services of a company such as us at CWCS Compuweb Communication. We can advise you on both dedicated Windows servers and dedicated Linux servers. We also offer other services including virtual servers, web hosting, complex hosting and collocation. If these are the kinds of services that you feel may benefit your business, contact us at CWCS Compuweb communication today.

The Article is written by cwcs.co.uk providing Dedicated Linux Servers and Dedicated Windows Servers Services. Visit http://www.cwcs.co.uk for more information on cwcs.co.uk Products & Services___________________________ Copyright information This article is free for reproduction but must be reproduced in its entirety, including live links & this copyright statement must be included. Visit cwcs.co.uk for more services!

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